Measured Data

Specific Heat

Experiments for specific heat [J/(kg K)], or heat capacity, were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1371.0 18.0
20.0 1439.0 30.0
30.0 1493.0 23.0
40.0 1553.0 24.0

Dried

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1210.0 20.0
20.0 1251.0 18.0
30.0 1297.0 17.0
40.0 1339.0 17.0

Thermal Conductivity

Experiments for thermal conductivity [W/(m K)] were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 15 °C and either 45 °C or 65 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.096 0.0
45.0 0.101 0.0

Dried

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.086 0.001
45.0 0.090 0.001

Mass Loss Rate (MLR)

Simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments were conducted at a heating rate of 10 K/min.

Cone calorimeter experiments were conducted at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2. This material warps into an arched shape during the fire's decay phase. This was observed in the first test (HF25_R1) and prevented in all subsequent tests by the use of tie wires.

Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (HRRPUA)

Cone calorimeter experiments were conducted at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2. This material warps into an arched shape during the fire's decay phase. This was observed in the first test (HF25_R1) and prevented in all subsequent tests by the use of tie wires.

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yield

Cone calorimeter experiments were conducted at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2. This material warps into an arched shape during the fire's decay phase. This was observed in the first test (HF25_R1) and prevented in all subsequent tests by the use of tie wires.

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean CO Yield [g/g] CO Yield Std. Dev. [g/g]
25 0.006 0.0
50 0.005 0.0
75 0.004 0.0

Specific Heat Release Rate

Experiments using a micro-scale combustion calorimeter were conducted at a heating rate of 30 K/min.

Derived Data

Effective Heat of Combustion (Δhc)

Experiments using a micro-scale combustion calorimeter were conducted at a heating rate of 30 K/min.

Cone calorimeter experiments were conducted at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2. This material warps into an arched shape during the fire's decay phase. This was observed in the first test (HF25_R1) and prevented in all subsequent tests by the use of tie wires.

Micro-scale Combustion Calorimeter

Value R1 R2 R3 Mean Std. Dev.
Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 13.01 13.08 12.99 13.03 0.04

Cone Calorimeter

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean Effective Heat of Combustion [MJ/kg] Effective Heat of Combustion Std. Dev. [MJ/kg]
25 14.8 0.4
50 16.1 0.3
75 15.8 0.1

Band Averaged Emissivity

Band averaged emissivity was calculated from reflectance measurements conducted with an integrating sphere and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.

Source Temperature [K] Emissivity Std. Dev.
600.0 0.885 0.002
800.0 0.846 0.004
1000.0 0.801 0.006
1200.0 0.753 0.009
1400.0 0.708 0.012
1600.0 0.670 0.015
1800.0 0.638 0.019
2000.0 0.613 0.021