Measured Data

Specific Heat

Experiments for specific heat [J/(kg K)], or heat capacity, were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1328.0 4.0
20.0 1396.0 9.0
30.0 1466.0 7.0
40.0 1546.0 11.0

Dried

Temperature (C) Specific Heat Mean (J/kg-K) Standard Deviation (J/kg-K)
10.0 1189.0 24.0
20.0 1229.0 27.0
30.0 1283.0 31.0
40.0 1335.0 31.0

Thermal Conductivity

Experiments for thermal conductivity [W/(m K)] were conducted using a heat flow meter on unconditioned and dried samples at 15 °C and either 45 °C or 65 °C.

Unconditioned

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.070 0.000
45.0 0.076 0.001

Dried

Temperature (C) Conductivity Mean (W/m-K) Standard Deviation (W/m-K)
15.0 0.061 0.001
45.0 0.064 0.001

Mass Loss Rate (MLR)

Initial-mass-normalized mass loss rate [1/s] was measured in the simultaneous thermal analyzer experiments at three heating rates: 3 K/min, 10 K/min, and 30 K/min and mass loss rate [g/s] in the cone calorimeter at three heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

Heat Release Rate Per Unit Area (HRRPUA)

Experiments for heat release per unit area [kW/m2] were conducted on samples conditioned at 20°C and 50% relative humidity using a cone calorimeter at three different heat fluxes: 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Cone Calorimeter: 25 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 50 kW/m2

Cone Calorimeter: 75 kW/m2

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Yield

Carbon monoxide yield was measured during cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean CO Yield [g/g] CO Yield Std. Dev. [g/g]
25 0.024 0.011
50 0.007 0.0
75 0.007 0.0

Specific Heat Release Rate

Experiments for specific heat release rate [W/g], were conducted using a micro-scale combustion calorimeter at a heating rate of 30 K/min.

Derived Data

Soot Yield

Soot yield [g/g] was calculated from smoke obscuration data collected in cone calorimeter experiments conducted at heat fluxes of 25 kW/m2, 50 kW/m2, and 75 kW/m2.

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean Soot Yield [g/g] Soot Yield Std. Dev. [g/g]
25 0.003 0.001
50 0.002 0.001
75 0.004 0.0

Effective Heat of Combustion (Δhc)

Effective heat of combustion [MJ/kg] is calculated from data collected in both micro-scale combustion calorimeter experiments and cone calorimeter experiments.

Micro-scale Combustion Calorimeter

Value R1 R2 R3 Mean Std. Dev.
Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg) 11.75 11.51 12.07 11.78 0.23

Cone Calorimeter

Incident Heat Flux [kW/m²] Mean Effective Heat of Combustion [MJ/kg] Effective Heat of Combustion Std. Dev. [MJ/kg]
25 14.5 2.0
50 16.1 0.8
75 15.8 0.4

Band Averaged Emissivity

Band averaged emissivity was calculated from reflectance measurements conducted with an integrating sphere and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.

Source Temperature [K] Emissivity Std. Dev.
600.0 0.884 0.002
800.0 0.849 0.003
1000.0 0.807 0.005
1200.0 0.766 0.008
1400.0 0.728 0.011
1600.0 0.696 0.014
1800.0 0.671 0.017
2000.0 0.650 0.020